ARCH464: HOW DO ARCHITECTS COMMUNICATE? | Koray Pekeriçli

Today, the instructor of the course was Koray Pekeriçli and he mainly mentioned about the communication techniques and technologies which used in architecture. The main topic was about that but he started with the timeline of the communication in architecture. In first times, there were early drawings techniques and scaled -models. After this time, there is a renaissance time and from that time there is a perspective drawing techniques. The techniques of drawing started to be changed and orthographic projection started to develop. Then microcomputer systems came and CADDs are started to use. So we came to today and the technology is so changed, there are a lot of techniques which architects use to communicate with each other and also the engineers. He started to talk about timeline with Çatalhöyük wall drawings. Map of Çatalhöyük found on one of the house walls. After it, he showed the details about Forma Urbis which is cadaster of the city of Rome (203-211 AD) by Greek marble. Then, he mentioned about the Gumelnita Model, which is one of the examples of modeling. It was found in Bulgaria as an example of scaled architectural model. Then he showed examples of orthographic projection drawings such as plans, sections, elevations, and 3d drawings with the time of Renaissance. After all, he shortly mentioned about the architectural drafting tradition which was completely manual. Then he talked about the Empire State Building and gave the main knowledge about it and its construction. And there was a comparison between time when Empire State Building was built and today. Today, buildings are even more complex. Many new services embedded. Operation of facilities require more information from earlier stages.

Communication between project parties are made of

• Architect
• Facilities Manager
• Engineers
• Construction Site
• Client
• Sub-contractor
• Contractor
• Consultant

 

Then, he started to talk about BIM, Building Information Technologies. The origin of BIM was Building Description System by Chuck Eastman at Carnegie Mellon University. (1975) The definition of BIM is a modelling technology and associated sets of processes to produce, communicate, and analyze building models. He called it as “an intelligent simulation of architecture”. There are 6 characteristics of BIM:

-Digital

-Spatial (3D)

-Measurable

-Comprehensive

-Accessible

-Surable

ARCH464: ARCHITECTURE IN TURKEY | Can Aker

Can Aker was the guest of this week who came to talk about the application of architecture. He started to talk about the architecture in Turkey in generally. He mentioned about the situation that mostly non-educated  people are engaged in construction. .The administration of construction should be careful about the safety. Architects should be careful about the process of construction. Architects generally care about electric, mechanic and static systems and their controls. Critical map method is useful for the process. Without the check, there can’t be started to next step in constructions. For example, there couldn’t be started to construct elevator until the reinforced concrete process finished. There should be a program for works to do. Details should be open to understand and include basic knowledge.

Mainly, the boss wants two main things which are firstly being fast as possible as and secondly the result would has high quality. It is not impossible if all the equip of works work in coordination.

Work safety has too much importance, because the results of accidents don’t conclude with small health problems. Work safety is mainly related with the systematic of the work equipment’s coordination. There should be correct arrangements. Planning of construction site should be done correctly. There should be plans for health of workers, safety of workers, health of environment, night works, the sounds, the work hours etc.

There is a hierarchy in construction sites. (The engineer, technician, assistants and workers)

In Turkey, the cost of the construction is made of  %25 workers, %75 materials.

There are some extra ordinary situations which caused a pause in construction sites such as:

being affixed a seal by municipality

financial problems

water rising

archeological excavation

ARCH464: PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE | Fahrettin Emrah Köşgeroğlu

This week, the guest of our lecture was Emrah Köşgeroğlu who is professional on restoration. He started the topic with a question as “What is cultural heritage?” There are 2 branches of it, such as:

• Concrete Cultural Heritage (Portable, Non-Portable, Underwater cultural heritage)
• Non-concrete Cultural Heritage (Tradition, Verbal Heritage… etc.)

According to chart above, architecture is in the category of Non-portable Cultural Heritage.

There 2 main codes about protection of cultural heritage. One is Code: 2863 which is published in 1983, and called as “Code of protection of cultural and natural existence”. And the second one is about reorganizing the first code. (Code: 5226 in 2004)

After codes, he mainly mention about the building types which are under the protection. In addition to that, he talked about the institutions which are mainly concerning about cultural heritage. (T.C.Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Rölöve ve Anıtlar Müdürlükleri, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, Kültür Varlıkları Koruma Yüksek kurulu, Kültür Varlıkları Bölge Koruma Kurulu, Müzeler) Then, he talked about the owners of non-portable cultural heritage. (T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, T.C. Başbakanlık Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, TBMM Genel Sekreterliği Milli Saraylar Müdürlüğü, Diğer Bakanlık ve Kamu Kurumları, Özel Mülkiyet)

The process has mainly 4 stages.

• Decision of protection
• Drawing s of building survey and restoration
• Agreement of regional protection institutions
• Application

Team of Restoration:

• Restoration Experts
• Architects
• Landscape Architects | Urban Planners
• Art Historians
• Engineers
• Experts of protection of material

The protection process is mainly based on Venice Charter 1964 in all around the world.

The applications should be consistent in terms of original technical methods, material, design. They should be recoverable. And the applications should be differentiated from original existence. Reconstruction should be last decision.

After these topics, he gave 2 examples of application. They are, Anavarza Antik Kenti Giriş Kapısı (Adana), and Mamure Hamamı (Anamur).

ARCH464: FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY | Tanju Ataylar

 

This week, the guest of our lecture was Tanju Ataylar who is fire consultant and also fire design consultant. He mainly mentioned about the main techniques of fire safety. There are some main topics as fire prevention and fire protection. Fire protection includes passive protection and active fire protection systems as fire plugs. He talked about fate of building, designing a building should create a scenario for the escaping from fire and it is one of the main design problems. There is also handbook about fire protection which is called “Life Safety Code Handbook”.

Protection of occupants is achieved by the combination of prevention, protection, egress, and other features:

• Prevention of ignition
• Detection of fire
• Control of fire development
• Confinement of the effects of fire
• Extinguishment of fire
• Provision of refuge or evacuation facilities or both
• Staff reaction
• Provision of fire safety information to occupants

Means of egress is defined as “a continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts.”

• The exit access
• The exit
• The exit discharge

ARCH464: SUCCESSFUL BUILDINGS | Mehmet Okutan

This week, the guest of our lecture was Mehmet Okur as mechanical engineer. The subject was Successful buildings with their mechanical details. Presentation started with energy saving in constructions and buildings. In buildings, heat and air condition are provided by mechanical engineers.  Elevator, light conditions are solutions which extend beyond limits of architecture, and give freedom for design methods and creativity. So, the development of mechanical systems provides creativity to architecture.

What is the building? Is it a shelter? Is it a prestigious thing? Is it an artwork? Or is it a machine? In modernity, buildings are defined as a machine for living. Le Corbusier’s definition of building was making relation between buildings and ships. Pompidou Center in Paris is one of the symbolic examples of the machine idea in modernism.

Modern buildings constitute about %40 of the total energy consumption. He talked about this consumption and its ratios.

He talked about setting the need with car example. In car design, there are some external loads as orientation, high performance façade, efficient shading, space planning; and there are some internal loads as lighting, equipment, occupancy, IT, ventilation, minimum water use etc. Mainly they are as same as architecture. In buildings, heating, cooling, ventilation, humidification, water supply, fire protection, lighting and power supply should be provided for the best result.

In energy saving, there is a life cycle and time frame for deriving profit. Isolation for heat provides profit in long term frame but some investors don’t aim to create long term profits, they prefer short term profits. In order to provide proper solution for it, government should obligate people to use energy saving systems.

In terms of renewable energy sources, solar energy, wind power, wave and tidal power, geothermal, biomass and hydropower are the basic methods of designing green buildings. In Müteahhitler Birliği building, he applied a labyrinth for heating and cooling and he talked about this building and the labyrinth’s energy saving system.

ARCH464: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL ENGINEER & ARCHITECT | Zafer Kınacı

He is one of the members of important engineering-architectural offices and made static calculations of Next Level, Sheraton and TED University new buildings. (Studio part) In structures generally wood, steel, reinforced concrete are used. Wood is not used so much in Turkey. While reinforced concrete is not preferred in Europe and USA generally because of the prize of it, Turkey mostly uses reinforced concrete in structures. However there are some difficulties about reinforced concrete such as cantilever. For example in a conference hall 40m could be free from columns.

Pre-stressed Concrete (Öngerilmeli Beton)

Pre-tensioning (Ön çekme)

Post-tensioning (Ard Çekme)

In Next level case, pre-tensioning method was used. In order to provide circulation in basement car park floor, some columns are eliminated.

In post-tensioning systems, stability of reinforcement is stronger (with guys) than normal reinforced concrete systems. There is no adding point. (In reinforced concrete adding point are generally problematic because of the length of the steel in long distances)

Sheraton Hotel Project is one of the examples of the works of the office as an application of post-tensioning. (2003) New building of Sheraton is 9 story building. Columns don’t state the basement, under the columns there is a conference hall. It solved with post-tensioning system. (1,5 m height base for columns) Before concrete is poured, guys are stretched. It is a cheap system.

Vakıfbank (Antalya) project, Al-Fateh University sport hall, Bodrum Bozbük guestroom building, Başkent Organize Sanayi Mosque, Bakü Olympic Hall, TIM Towers Residence, ERSA Congresium Center are some of the examples of application of post-tensioning system.

ARCH464: PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS | Cem Altınöz

This week, Cem Altınöz from Öncüoğlu Architecture (and he is also instructor in our university) came and talked about project development project and organization in a large scale project.

Firstly he mentioned about the differences between large scale and small scale projects. The difference is not only amount of place, the complexity of organization changes also. For an investor, it is important to create an image in market, for achieving this, the investor applies an architect, and an architect works with 2 kinds of group; one is minor project groups of people, and consultants. Minor project groups are mainly structural, mechanical, electrical, landscape and infrastructure groups. An architect should work with them. Main consultations are acoustics, fire, façade, detail, kitchen design, ceiling plans, mechanical HVAC plans etc. An architect works with these consultants and creates a unity for the final proposal of application project. In last stage, there should be detailed architectural sections and elevations, finishing schedule and some other data with the main drawings.  With the façade consultant, there could be mock-up on site for the first trial of impression and application

After all, he mainly gave some examples about his architectural office and made some detailed explanation about some consultations.

 

ARCH464: CHAMBER OF ARCHITECTS | Muteber Osmanpaşaoğlu

This week, member of board of Chamber of Architects in Ankara, Muteber Osmanpaşaoğlu has come and made a speech about the chamber of architects and TMMOB ( Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği). Chamber of architects is connected to TMMOB. There are 25 more chambers except Chamber of Architects, as Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Chambers of Electronical Engineers etc.

In 1927, Architects’ Association was founded. In 1954, with the help of Architects’ Association (Mimarlar Derneği), the chamber of architects in Turkey was founded. The main aim of the chamber of architects is having solutions for possible professional problems of architects.

The publications of the chamber are Bülten, Mimarlık Dergisi and web pages. The current issues of Chamber of Architects is dealing with are AOÇ (Atatürk Orman Çiftliği) , İller Bankası and Meclis Camii of Behruz Çinici.

There are corporations as “Mesleki Bilimsel Çalışma Kurulları” (MBÇK) and they organized cultural activities. The corporation for environmental effects analysis as Çevre Etki Değerlendirme (ÇED) proposes the reports for the buildings.

Chamber of architects is connected to International Union of Architects (UIA) and European Architects’ Association.

Generally, the main problems of architects who came for a solution to the Chamber of Architects are about unfair competition. This chamber has also expertise service for architects.

ARCH464: BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS | Onur Yüncü

In this lecture, we mainly talked about founding an architectural organization. Architectural practice necessity is a registration of the office to the Chamber of Architects. General business necessities are

1. An address where the business is carried out.
2. A registration to the Tax Office
3. A registration to SGK
4. Accountant

In Tax Office applications, it is important what kind of foundation you have.

• As a corporation (Anonim Şirket)
• As a limited liability company (Limited Şirket)
• As a self-employed architect (Serbest Meslek Erbabı)
• As an ordinary partnership (Adi Ortaklık)

In SGG Registration, it is matter what kind of job you have.

• For self-employment insurance (Bağkur)
• For employees insurance (SSK)

(Total name of both SGK= Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu)

There are three applications as Tax practices inn Turkey. They are; VAT (KDV), Witholding Tax (Muhtasar) and Income Tax (Gelir Vergisi). In every March of every year, Income Tax should be paid. If there is a profit, you should pay %20 of your profit as an income tax as a company. If you have no company and self-employed architect, you should pay between %15 and %35 of your profit as income tax. In less amount of money, to be self-employed architect has more advantages, but if you have more money, to found a company is better.

In the end of the lecture, Onur Yüncü mentioned about Offers. In order to have proper offer, architects should control “TMMOB- Mimarlar Odası- Mimarlık Hizmetleri Şartnamesi” According to this data, contracts should be prepared properly. A contract is a legal document that defines the framework of any professional works as well as the fee that will be paid in exchange of the works.

 

ARCH464: PROFESSION & PRACTICE | Bilge İmamoğlu

In this lecture, Bilge İmamoğlu has come and talked about “profession”. He started with the words of Profession (n) , Professional (adj), Professionalism(n) and where they come from. Profession means “Meslek” in Turkish and it comes from “süluk” word.

After terminological explanations, he mentioned about the starting point of being professional. It is very related with publication of scholar and professional journals. “Architectural Review” is one of the first examples of scholar publications. In addition to that, we talked that if there is an organization where you learn the profession from, then it is a profession. Institutions, education, organization, occupations, journals, schools create and support the “profession”. (Exp. Chamber of Architecture) Social legitimacy of explicit rights for occupational privileges is a very important step for the professionalism in order to defend the professional’s rights. Formation of Professional organizations is another step of this issue. The state’s legal approval for those rights and privileges is the last step of being profession.

In Turkey, Vedat Tek who is architect of second assemble building in Ankara and Sirkeci train station in İstanbul and Mimar Kemalettin are the examples of first professional architects of Turkish Republic. In addition to them foreigners as Ernst Arnold Egli had the professional rights in Turkey, however this situation created some protests in time, in order not to provide Turkish architects to be professional in their own country.